100 Days of System Design Questions challenges

Design an API rate limiting system to control the number of requests a client can make to an API within a specific time frame. The system should prevent abuse, ensure fair usage, and protect the API server from being overwhelmed by excessive requests. Consider factors such as rate limiting algorithms, request tracking, enforcement mechanisms, and management of rate limit policies in your design. Discuss how you would define rate limit rules based on factors such as client identity, API endpoint, HTTP method, or user role. Additionally, address how you would handle rate limit enforcement, including response status codes, headers, and error messages. Provide insights into the technologies, data storage mechanisms, and operational considerations you would employ to implement this API rate limiting system effectively.